On February 21, Greece commemorates the Liberation of Ioannina, a pivotal event during the First Balkan War (1912-1913) that ended nearly five centuries of Ottoman rule in Epirus. This historic milestone is honored annually with ceremonies, parades, and tributes to the Greek soldiers who secured the city’s freedom.
The Battle for Ioannina
By early 1913, the Greek army had successfully advanced through Macedonia and turned its focus to Epirus, where Ioannina, a significant Ottoman stronghold, remained under enemy control. The city’s defenses, especially at Bizani, presented a formidable challenge.
After months of strategic planning and positioning, the decisive Battle of Bizani commenced on March 4, 1913. Greek forces, under the command of Crown Prince Constantine, launched a comprehensive offensive.
The operation involved feigned attacks to mislead Ottoman forces and concentrated assaults on weaker defensive positions. A critical maneuver was led by Major Ioannis Velissariou, who advanced his Evzone battalion into the village of Agios Ioannis, effectively severing Ottoman communication lines and contributing significantly to the collapse of their defenses.
Facing inevitable defeat, Esat Pasha, the Ottoman commander, agreed to an unconditional surrender on March 5, 1913, and Greek forces entered Ioannina the following day.
Significance of the Liberation
The liberation of Ioannina had profound implications:
- End of Ottoman Rule- The city had been under Ottoman control since 1430.
- Strategic Victory- Securing Ioannina allowed Greece to consolidate its position in Epirus.
- National Pride- The victory showcased Greece’s military capabilities and bolstered national morale.
